How would you spell the following in the Roman alphabet? Why?

The Chinese communist dictator who wrote the Little Red Book
The leader the above fought against who lead the Kuomintang and was driven back to Taiwan
The prophet of Islam
The holy book of Islam
A follower of Islam
The Jewish winter festival commemorating the Lamp of the Macabbees
The unleavened bread eaten at Passover
The main Lebanese terrorist group
The Yupik and Inuit tribes

And a couple of bonus questions:

If you wanted to use one name to refer to the recently-executed Iraqi dictator, what would it be?
How would you pronounce the Hebrew word for an ear of corn?

Feel free to add other similar questions - the ones above are just some I regularly have problems with or see multiple versions of; I'm sure there are lots of others.