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THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE
Posted by Time for change in General Discussion (1/22-2007 thru 12/14/2010)
Thu Apr 30th 2009, 04:45 PM
Can people really handle their responsibilities as citizens? Or must our “betters”, who claim to know what is best for us, forever lead us around like children? We need to cut through their fog and condescension. We must reclaim our power as citizens
The Federal Reserve System originated in a highly secret meeting of seven of the wealthiest men in the world, taking place at Jekyll Island, off the coast of Georgia in 1910. The seven men included one of our nation’s most powerful U.S. Senators, Nelson Aldrich, and six bankers. An article written by one of its participants, Frank Vanderlip, 22 years after the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, documents the aura of secrecy that surrounded the creation of the Federal Reserve:

I do not feel it is any exaggeration to speak of our secret expedition to Jekyll Island as the occasion of the actual conception of what eventually became the Federal Reserve System… We were told to leave our last names behind us… We were instructed to come one at a time… where Senator Aldrich’s private rail car would be in readiness…

It was the names of all printed together that would have made our mysterious journey significant in Washington, in Wall Street, even in London. Discovery, we knew, simply must not happen, or else all our time and effort would be wasted. If it were to be exposed publicly that our particular group had got together and written a banking bill, that bill would have no chance whatever of passage in Congress.


The Federal Reserve as a system for favoring wealthy financial interests

Edward Griffin explains the purpose of the Federal Reserve in his book, “The Creature from Jekyll Island – A Second Look at the Federal Reserve”. He describes it as a cartel of private banks – meaning a group of banks joined together in order to maximize profits by reducing competition through the creation of a monopoly. That Cartel was legalized in 1913 with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Since the creation of a powerful cartel would seem anti-democratic, the real purpose of the Federal Reserve System had to be disguised with a purported purpose. Griffin explains the concept like this:

To cover the fact that a central bank is merely a cartel which has been legalized, its proponents had to lay down a thick smoke screen of technical jargon focusing always on how it would supposedly benefit commerce, the public, and the nation; how it would lower interest rates, provide funding for needed industrial projects, and prevent panics in the economy. There was not the slightest glimmer that, underneath it all, was a master plan which was designed from top to bottom to serve private interests at the expense of the public.

William Greider, in his new book, “Come Home America – The Rise and Fall (And Redeeming Promise) of our Country”, elaborates on this subject by noting the anti-democratic nature of the Federal Reserve and how it has favored wealth and power at the expense of the great majority of Americans in recent decades, to bring us to our current financial crisis:

It was mainly the Federal Reserve – sheltered from public scrutiny and protected from political accountability – that engineered America’s great shift in fortunes… with its successful campaign to suppress price inflation. Then it proceeded to encourage or passively allow the scandalous financial behavior that followed – wealth being concentrated in the financial sector, the growing inequalities among Americans, deregulation and the creation of dominating megabanks, and recurrent frauds and financial bubbles followed repeatedly by government bailouts of banks and financial firms.

The Federal Reserve’s policy essentially tilted the normal economic balance hard in one direction, then held it there for a generation. It favored wealth over wage income, creditors over debtors, capital over labor, financial investors over producers… the few over the many. My indictment may sound extreme and unfamiliar since few in public life talk about the United States’ central bank in terms of the deeper consequences its policy decisions have. Both the press and the politicians defer to the mystique of the Fed… This deference enhances the central bank’s power…

The Federal Reserve has abused its powers as a government institution. By favoring wealth and wealth holders over the broader interests of Americans year after year, the central bank’s policy decisions proved to be deeply unfair and antidemocratic, and also irresponsible…


The first major Federal Reserve Failure and its aftermath

Greider describes how the subservience of the Federal Reserve to the banking industry facilitated the Great Depression of the 1930s, following the Stock Market Crash of 1929:

The Federal Reserve’s first historic disgrace occurred after the crash of 1929 when the Fed failed to counter deflationary forces that contributed to what became known as the Great Depression… They resisted the political cries for prompt action. Lowering the interest rates, they feared, would undermine “sound money” and damage the balance sheets of major banks. For three grueling years, Fed officials hesitated as the American economy unwound… driving unemployment to a peak of 25 percent….

But with the onset of the Franklin Roosevelt Presidency beginning in 1933 things began to change markedly for the better. The steep slide in GDP was arrested in 1933. Job growth during FDR’s first (5.3%) and third (5.1%) terms still stand today as the largest recorded in U.S. history.

Greider describes how the Federal Reserve was reformed during FDR’s presidency:

In the aftermath of the destruction, the Federal Reserve was substantially reformed. Washington consolidated its control of monetary policy and the Fed adopted a more balanced understanding of the broader public interest it was supposed to serve…

The New Deal didn’t just fade away after FDR’s death. Instead, due to its stunning success, most of its components lasted for decades. Largely as a result of this, we experienced for the next three decades what Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman calls “the greatest sustained economic boom in U.S. history”.

As a result of the labor protection laws enacted during FDR’s presidency, the percent of non-agricultural U.S. workers who were members of labor unions rose from 10% to close to 30% during his presidency and remained at that level for many decades, until the anti-labor policies of the Reagan administration resulted in a precipitous decline in union membership. The labor protection laws and other New Deal innovations, such as Social Security and unemployment insurance, were instrumental in alleviating poverty in our country and producing a vibrant middle class.

Median family income is one of the best indicators of the economic health of a people. This chart shows median family income levels, beginning in 1947, when accurate statistics on this issue first became available. Family income rose steadily (in 2005 dollars) from $22,499 in 1947 to more than double that, $47,173 in 1980.


The disconnect between worker productivity and income

Thus it was that from the beginning of FDR’s presidency through the late 1970s, the American Middle Class was created and sustained, and it was generally accepted in our country that the benefits of economic growth should be widely shared. But beginning in the late 1970s, this began to change. Greider summarizes what happened:

For 25 years… financial wealth grew much faster than the real economy, where average wage incomes have long been stagnant or falling… Year after year, the financial system’s valuations and profits departed from the underlying economy upon which financial assets are presumably based… The financial system achieved its own lofty altitude… The Dow was a little below 800 in August 1982… 25 years later, the Dow was at 14,100… The Dow reached its peak in October 2007, just before the financial crisis struck…

In his book “Crunch – Why Do I Feel So Squeezed”, Jared Bernstein discusses the apparent paradox of how the financial situation of so many Americans in recent years could be so poor in the presence of such healthy “economic indicators”:

Over the course of this highly touted economic expansion, poverty is up, working families’ real incomes are down…. By 2007, 44% said they lacked the money they needed “to make ends meet”…

If you feel squeezed, chances are it’s because you are squeezed. Most of the indicators that matter most to us in our everyday lives… are coming in at stress inducing levels, but GDP… keeps on truckin’. Something’s wrong, something fundamental…

The name of the problem is economic inequality… It’s a sign that something important is broken: the set of economic mechanisms and forces that used to broadly and fairly distribute the benefits of growth… unions, minimum wages… full employment… quality jobs, safety nets, and social insurance…

How did it happen that income inequality has grown so much and the previous mechanisms for widely distributing the benefits of growth disappeared? Greider describes the process as beginning with Paul Volcker’s manipulations as Chairman of the Federal Reserve:

The recessionary policies of Fed Chairman Volcker

In 1979… Paul Volcker, the Fed chairman… threw out the usual rules and slammed on the brakes, sending interest rates soaring, shutting down credit, and abruptly stopping economic growth. This started a wrenching two-year recession in which unemployment peaked at 11 percent. It also doomed Carter’s reelection in 1980….

Volcker’s tough intervention against the inflationary disorders effectively preempted the politicians, and he basically ignored their complaints… It had the full and fervent support of Wall Street as well as of many citizens… The true winners are people of vast accumulations of financial wealth… Virtually every financial asset… became more valuable as inflation declined… Investors began collecting bonuses…Debtors, on the other hand, experienced the opposite consequences. In August 1982, Volcker finally relented on his recessionary policy and abruptly reduced interest rates, signaling that the Fed would at last allow the economy to recover…

The Federal Reserve had won its great battle against inflation – it fell substantially during the 1982 recession – but the Fed continued its war… By its estimate, inflation was still too high – bouncing around 4 to 5 percent… The Federal Reserve suppressed inflation by targeting the wages of working people. It prevented their incomes from rising even though, in a healthy economy, wages would normally rise consistently. Nobody in authority ever acknowledged this strategy… By holding back the natural energies of the economic recovery, this monetary policy kept… the unemployment rate higher… at around 6 percent. That made it very difficult for industrial workers… to demand higher wages…. But the conservative Federal Reserve regarded rising wages as an inflationary threat and worked deliberately to prevent it. Throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s, the Fed protected its victory over inflation by keeping its foot on the brake and tapping it occasionally to make sure the economy did not get too healthy. That is, the federal government – represented by the central bank – ensured that the broad ranks of working people would not share in the “good times”…

Financial deregulation under Chairman Greenspan

The new Fed chairman (Alan Greenspan, 1987-2006) set out to liberate finance from government. His most audacious initiative was … to legalize the new all-purpose megabank that would concentrate financial power in a handful of very large institutions. Greenspan preempted Congress on this issue by unilaterally approving what was still prohibited by law…. Hard lessons learned during the crisis of the 1930s were discarded as obsolete. Democrats and Republicans collaborated in repealing or gutting prudential safeguards enacted in the New Deal… For three decades, Wall Street bankers had lobbied to reunite commercial banking with investment banking… The two realms had been separated after the stock market crash of 1929 because fraudulent self-dealing by Wall Street’s major banks fed the stock market mania that led to the crash. Preaching financial modernization, Greenspan restored the system that had failed some seventy years before. These banking conglomerates were equipped with trapdoors and accounting gimmicks that allowed the bankers to hide the debts and troubled assets. The financial gimmicks blew up in the sub-prime mortgage crisis of 2008…

The Fed first denied there was a housing bubble, then tried to restore order… until the bubble popped – and revealed the mess in Wall Street… The financial industry was earning inflated profits… and many firms borrowed heavily… marketing millions of dubious mortgages… The ‘debt industry” became increasingly unstable and self-indulgent as it prospered, but the Fed stood by it… When the accumulated excess led to crisis and failure, the central bank rushed to rescue the endangered Wall Street firms…


Our current financial crisis

So it is that the Federal Reserve helped us to arrive at our current financial crisis through a long process of subservience to wealth and power. Greider describes the current status of the Federal Reserve and its relationship to our current financial crisis:

The modern Federal Reserve once again faces the prospect of historic disgrace… Its inherent democratic contradictions are becoming visible to all. The US government protects certain large interests from the costs of their own recklessness, but prescribes the perils of market competition for everyone else. The illegitimacy of the present system is reflected in the recent bailouts of major financial houses in what amounts to American-style socialism for selected interests – the largest and wealthiest enterprises in finance. The losses incurred by these Wall Street firms were effectively socialized by the bailouts, meaning that the costs were dumped on society and the taxpayers. The Fed relieved the banks of their rotten assets and transferred them to the balance sheet of an unwitting public. The Federal Reserve, having aided in creating the oversized megabanks and having declined to regulate their behavior rigorously… when these institutions are endangered, the Federal Reserve rescues them because, well, they are indeed “too big to fail.” – or so we are told.

This arrangement is not only unjust and hypocritical, it also actively encourages the kind of reckless behavior the central bank is supposed to prevent. The potential for collusion at the public’s expense is enormous… Since the public is not allowed to know all the terms we cannot judge whether the Fed defended the public interest or simply gave the bankers whatever they said they needed… There’s no need to bother taxpayers with the messy details of what happens behind closed doors…

James Galbraith, in his book, “The Predator State”, explains how our financial elites depend upon misinformation in order to get the American public to acquiesce in their schemes. Specifically, he says that our underlying problem is NOT that the banks aren’t lending much money, but that the American people are loaded with debt. Even if massive handouts to the banks get them to increase lending (which seems unlikely), that wouldn’t erase the massive debts of the American people. In fact, it would add to it, since the American people will ultimately have to pay for the bank bailouts. And Galbraith doesn’t mince words in castigating Treasury Secretary Geithner’s plan:

The plan is yet another massive, ineffective gift to banks and Wall Street. Taxpayers, of course, will take the hit… The banks don't want to take their share of those losses because doing so will wipe them out. So they, and Geithner, are doing everything they can to pawn the losses off on the taxpayer…. In Geithner's plan, this debt won't disappear. It will just be passed from banks to taxpayers, where it will sit until the government finally admits that a major portion of it will never be paid back.


The Federal Reserve in the context of American democracy

The Federal Reserve is anti-democratic by its very nature because it has been given extraordinary powers to manipulate the financial status of our nation, and yet, being an unelected and “independent” body, it is not limited in its actions by accountability to the American public. Yet the anti-democratic machinations of the Federal Reserve are but one manifestation of numerous anti-democratic forces working on the life of our nation today.

Perhaps the most serious underlying problem with our country today is its subservience to those with wealth, power, and political connections. That attitude is fostered in a number of ways. It is aggressively encouraged by corporate America through their news media, and by the elected officials who receive their blessings and money – including almost all of the Republican Party and much of the Democratic Party. And it is fostered by the revolving doors and very close ties between our nation’s elites – in government, the Federal Reserve, Wall Street, and much of the rest of corporate America.

This attitude has radically anti-democratic consequences, in that it sets up a vicious cycle, whereby our government helps to increase the wealth and power of those who already have the most of it, and in return the wealthy and the powerful help their friends stay in office, so that they can continue to dole out more favors to them.

No politician, and few other people, would acknowledge that it should work that way. That would sound “elitist” and be contrary to our Declaration of Independence, which says that we are all “created equal” and have inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. But nevertheless, our culture and system of government is permeated with the idea of subservience to the powerful.

Emblematic of this problem was President Obama’s recent statement, in response to being asked how he intends to handle the worst crimes ever committed by a presidential administration (Bush/Cheney) in US history, that we should “look forward, not backward” and not be concerned about “vengeance”. Since only crimes committed in the past can be prosecuted, the most obvious translation of that statement is that the president thinks we no longer have need for a criminal justice system – or rather, not with respect to a particular class of Americans, who should be allowed to commit crimes with impunity.

I’m not saying that I think he really believes that. More likely, his statement represents bowing to what he perceives as the political pressure that would accompany a decision to prosecute high ranking members of a previous presidential administration. Nevertheless, it represents the current political reality in our country – at least as perceived and encouraged by those in power.


A light at the end of the tunnel?

The anti-democratic attitudes noted above are primarily held and encouraged by our nation’s elites. For much of the history of our country they have been highly successful in transmitting those attitudes to large segments of the American public. But if and when the American people wise up and recognize how they have been played for fools all these years, the game will begin to unravel. And there are many signs today that the American people are indeed waking up to reality.

First there is the rapid demise of the Republican Party, manifested in the elections of 2006 and 2008. Those elections show that most Americans now recognize the deeply anti-democratic nature and hypocrisy of the Republican Party. But the demise of the Republican Party alone, even if complete, will not provide a far-reaching or permanent solution to our problems. As long as conservative Democrats like Arlen Specter, Joe Lieberman, Ben Nelson and Evan Bayh abound, progressive changes will occur only with great difficulty.

Another encouraging sign is a February Gallup poll which shows that Americans favor by almost a 2 to 1 margin either an independent panel or criminal investigations of the Bush administration for their use of torture. This finding is truly remarkable in view of the efforts of our corporate news media and a popular president to discourage investigation or prosecution of those crimes. Just imagine how much more enthusiastic the American public would be about this issue if our nation’s elites didn’t try to discourage it.

Another promising sign is a series of polls that showed a huge increase in the percentage of Americans who get “most of your national and international news” through the Internet – from a paltry 13% in 2001 to 40% in 2008. Those same polls showed that in 2008 the percentage of people under 30 who get most of their national and international news through the Internet was 59%, equal to those who noted television as their primary source (respondents were given more than one choice). The Internet is a much more active medium than television, and it is much easier to receive news via television than to obtain it via the Internet. The substantial switch from television to the Internet by so many millions of Americans must signal a rapidly growing awareness of the severe class bias of our corporate news media, as well as a willingness to put effort into becoming better informed.

And finally, Americans have become thoroughly alienated from the corporate elite who so affect their standard of living, as demonstrated by a 2007 Harris poll asking which industries Americans regarded as “generally honest and trustworthy”: Oil companies 3%; health insurance companies 7%; telephone companies 10%; pharmaceutical companies 11%; electric and gas utilities 15%. With numbers like that, and with more and more Americans turning to alternate news sources, it shouldn’t be too long before they begin to connect the dots and begin to hold their elected representatives more accountable for their actions.


The ultimate question

Greider summarizes what it will take to restore the promise of our democracy:

What the country needs is a third front in the political power struggle, a counterforce to both government and the private sector. This new source of countervailing power can come only from the people themselves…

Can people really handle their responsibilities as citizens? Or must our “betters”, who claim to know what is best for us, forever lead us around like children? We need to cut through their fog and condescension. We must reclaim our power as citizens…

Discuss (57 comments) | Recommend (+32 votes)
The Unfulfilled Promise
The Unfulfilled Promise of the American Dream: The Widening Gap between the Reality of the United States and its Highest Ideals




Time for change


Notwithstanding the lofty sentiments and purpose of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, the reality of the United States of America did not then – and never has – lived up to its ideal. Our nation remains today a long way from fulfilling the promise implied by those ideals. Yet, our Declaration was a great start, and it has long shone as a beacon of hope for people all over the world.

Throughout our history, while many have striven to close the gap between our highest ideals and the reality of our nation, others have focused on the accumulation of private wealth and power, at the expense of everyone else. In recent decades the latter have gained much ground, leading to increasing imperialism abroad and deteriorating democracy at home, characterized by routine (and legal) bribery of our public officials, the fusion of government and private corporate interests (corporatocracy), a corrupt election system largely in the hands of private corporations, a corporate controlled communications media, and the widespread acceptance of Executive Branch secrecy, routinely justified with little if any questioning, by the magic words “national security”. All of this is rapidly turning our country from the democracy proclaimed at our founding into a plutocracy (government by the wealthy and for the wealthy). The result is the most obscene wealth gap our country has ever known, the highest imprisonment rate in the world, rampant militarism, routine flaunting of international law, the least efficient health care system in the developed world, a pending environmental catastrophe that threatens to destroy the life sustaining forces of our planet, and myriad other problems that threaten to destroy our nation and tyrannize our people.

My new book, The Unfulfilled Promise of the American Dream – The Widening Gap between the Reality of the United States and its Highest Ideals, explores the roots and consequences of the demise of our democracy, and why most Americans have been unable to understand this process or even become aware of it. A good understanding of why and how we have deviated so greatly from the ideals of our nation is the first and necessary step towards getting back on the right track and revitalizing our society.

The book is currently being sold in electronic PDF format and can be purchased at http://www.unfulfilledpromise.com/Buy-the-... for $3.99. It will also soon be available in Amazon Kindle format. DU members who cannot afford to buy the book but would like to read it can pm me with your e-mail address, and I will send you a free PDF copy.

I’ve previously posted on DU a slightly earlier version of the introduction to the book, which is also posted at my site. Here is the Table of Contents, followed by a brief description of the three parts of the book:


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Acknowledgements
Prologue – What is Wrong with the United States of America?

Part I – Root Causes of the Impending Demise of American Democracy
Chapter 1 – Legalized Bribery
Chapter 2 – Human Psychological Factors
Chapter 3 – Corporatocracy
Chapter 4 – Corporate Control of Media
Chapter 5 – Corrupt Election System
Chapter 6 – Government Secrecy
Chapter 7 – American Exceptionalism

Part II – A Sampling of Imperialist Actions
Chapter 8 – Slavery and its Legacy
Chapter 9 – Early U.S. Imperialism
Chapter 10 – U.S. Imperialism in Cold War
Chapter 11 – Iraq War and Occupation
Chapter 12 – Afghanistan War

Part III – Consequences
Chapter 13 – Election of George W. Bush
Chapter 14 – War and Imperialism
Chapter 15 – Class Warfare
Chapter 16 – Predator Financial Class
Chapter 17 – Shock Therapy
Chapter 18 – Contempt for Int. Law
Chapter 19 – The “War on Drugs”
Chapter 20 – Climate Change
Chapter 21 – “War on Terror”
Chapter 22 – Health Care
Chapter 23 – Unaccountable government
Chapter 24 – Response to 9/11 Attacks
Epilogue


PART I – Root Causes of the Impending Demise of American Democracy

It is somewhat difficult to separate the causes of our problems from their consequences, since they combine to form a long chain of cause leading to consequence, leading to more consequences, etcetera. Nevertheless, it seems worth while to identify the root causes of our problems, those that occur early in the chain and lead to so many of the tragic consequences we see today. The only chance we have of reversing the demise of our democracy is through addressing and attacking its root causes.

At the top of the list is the systematic bribery of public officials by the powerful corporations (Chapter 1) whom our government is charged with regulating in the public interest. Instead of calling it bribery, we call it “campaign contributions”, but what we call it isn’t as important as what it is. It is hard to fathom how democracy can survive when such a practice is legal and condoned.

Working in tandem with our system of legalized bribery is the nature of the people who inhabit our country. That is not to say that Americans are inherently substantially different than any other people. Human beings are imperfect, and that is probably a major reason why in a world where civilization began more than five millennia ago, the oldest written national framework of government in the world today – the Constitution of the United States of America – is only a little more than two and a quarter centuries old. Chapter 2 explores the roles of basic human needs, authoritarianism, psychological defense mechanisms used to prevent us from perceiving reality as it is rather than as we’d like it to be, and corrupted ideologies in causing us to passively accept the accumulation of power in the hands of ambitious and ruthless individuals who care about little else than expanding their own wealth and power.

When bribery of public officials is tolerated as an inevitable aspect of public life, government inevitably grows close to the wealthy interests that shower it with money in return for legislative and other favors. A malevolent symbiosis grows between the state and corporate power, resulting in rule by an oligarchy that is highly detrimental to the lives of ordinary people (Chapter 3). Using their accumulated wealth and power to manipulate our legislative process, the oligarchy grabs for more and more control of the communications media (Chapter 4) that are used to control the information available to and shape the attitudes of our nation’s people, in pursuit of their own narrow interests.

Since the 1980s an orchestrated campaign has been underway to demonize “big government”, thereby paving the way for private corporate control over more and more functions that were previously deemed intrinsic functions of government. Among those functions is the running of public elections (Chapter 5) – the function that symbolizes democracy perhaps more than any other single function. Consequently, the purging of selected registered voters from our computerized voter rolls has become a routine recurring event throughout much of our country, and without a doubt determined the results of the 2000 – and probably 2004 as well – presidential election. Just as bad, more and more of the counting of votes in our public elections have been turned over to private corporations, which count our votes using electronic machines using secret software to produce vote counts that cannot be verified by anyone.

Bribery, the fusion of government and private interest, fake and biased news, and corrupt elections are not things that government and its corporate allies want us to know about. Consequently, they construct walls of secrecy (Chapter 6) to keep us from obtaining information that sheds light on their activities. The perfect phrase for facilitating this is “national security”. When our government tells us that the “national security” requires that certain things be kept secret from us, the understanding is that to question such a pronouncement is unpatriotic, and to actually attempt to obtain the “secret” information may be treasonous.

But indefinitely maintaining secrets from the American people can be very difficult, because at least some people want to know what their government is up to. So in addition to the formal mechanisms of secrecy, informal mechanisms are constructed (Chapter 7) to keep vital information away from us. One of the primary methods for doing this is to make certain sensitive subjects taboo – that is, to create the widespread belief that discussion of these topics is so outside the bounds of acceptable human discourse that anyone who discusses them should be shunned by society, or worse. The most common issue that falls into this category is any discussion that sheds light on the disparity between American ideals and the reality of life in our country today.


PART II – A Sampling of Imperialist Actions in U.S. History

Notwithstanding the fact that our founding document says that “all men are created equal” and speaks of the inalienable rights of humankind, the United States has throughout its history partaken of massive exploitation of other peoples.

It is estimated that at the time of our birth, 18% of our population was black slaves. In our expansion westwards during the late 18th and 19th centuries, we decimated the original inhabitants of our continent, and often treated them with great cruelty. In 1846 we manufactured an excuse for war with our neighbor Mexico, in which we continued to expand our country westwards and southwards. In 1893 we began our overseas imperialism with the conquest of Hawaii. Our overseas expansion was greatly accelerated in 1898 with our participation in the Spanish-American War, which led to our conquest of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. With our arrival at world superpower status at the end of World War II, we began the Cold War, which led to and served as a rationalization for covert and/or direct military actions against myriad foreign nations over the next 46 years. With the September 11, 2001 attacks on our country, we declared a perpetual “War on Terror”, which served and continues to serve as an excuse to invade and occupy Iraq and Afghanistan, nations that posed no threat to us. We do not know when or if this perpetual war will ever end. We don’t know how many additional imperial conquests it will lead to.

Most Americans don’t think much about all this. Many of these actions are done in secrecy, and the American people don’t find out about them until many years later – or we never find out about them at all. Those that we do know about are spun into the most favorable light, to make them seem benign or even noble.

But these actions come at great costs: in the lives of our soldiers; in the ruined lives of the peoples of the victim countries; in trillions of dollars cost to our people and their future generations; in our international reputation; in anti-American hatred leading to terrorism; and, to our democracy itself. For how can a nation claim to believe in the inalienable rights of humankind specified in its founding document, while making a mockery of that belief in the way it treats other peoples? For that reason alone it is worth while to take a brief look at our long history of imperialist actions.


PART III – Consequences

In the Prologue I give a brief account of what I see as some of the worst and tragic consequences of the root causes that I discuss in Part I – to enable the reader to see where this book is heading. When elections of our public officials are for sale to the highest bidder… when our public officials are so addicted to the “campaign contributions” of their wealthiest constituents that they develop a symbiotic relationship with them… when our communications media are owned and controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy elites… when our citizenry lack the ability to differentiate propaganda from reality… when we allow machines provided by private corporations to count our votes using secret electronic software… then we should expect that the consequences will not be pretty or comfortable for the vast majority of our citizens.

In Part III, I explore those consequences in much greater detail, in the hope that the reader will agree with me that these are very serious problems, and that they must be successfully addressed if our country is ever to fulfill the promise of its ideals, or even make progress in that direction. When enough Americans recognize our problems as problems, stripped of the gloss and spin put on them by our oligarchy, they will rise up and do something about them. Until then there will be no progress, and we are very likely to head in the direction of all the former empires of our planet, ending in chaos, widespread catastrophe, suffering, and ignominy.

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