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THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE
Posted by Time for change in General Discussion (1/22-2007 thru 12/14/2010)
Sat Sep 19th 2009, 11:50 PM
Racism has many causes, and there is a lot that humankind has yet to learn about it. Important causes include the desire to exploit others, lack of self-esteem, ignorance, fear, and lack of empathy.
Racism is a belief that other races are inferior to one’s own. It is typically accompanied by hatred at the individual level, discriminatory policies at the social and political level, and violence at all levels. Consequently, it is a major cause of war, as well as atrocities committed during war. Here is a typical definition.

Former President Jimmy Carter’s recent claim that much of the right wing outrage directed at President Obama is the result of racism was not surprisingly followed by more outrage from those who don’t want to be reminded that racism remains a serious problem in our country. But this problem needs more light shone on it. If our country fails to come to grips with its racist past – and present – it is likely to plague us for a long time to come.

I don’t know to what extent understanding the causes of racism will contribute to its solution. But it is certainly true that an understanding of causes is often the first and most important step towards solving any problem.


THE CAUSES OF RACISM

Racism has many causes, and there is a lot that humankind has yet to learn about it. Here are four causes that I have found through my experiences or reading to be the most important:


The desire to exploit other people

It is highly likely that the root of most racism seen in the United States is its legacy of slavery. Slavery in the United States represents one of the cruelest episodes in the history of the world.

How can one justify such cruelty? It is possible to rationalize it only by dehumanizing or demonizing its victims. One has to make the case that the victims are inferior or wicked. Noam Chomsky explains the psychology behind the propensity of people to justify their own cruelty, in his book, “What we Say Goes”:

When you conquer somebody and suppress them, you have to have a reason. You can’t just say, “I’m a son of a bitch and I want to rob them.” You have to say it’s for their good, they deserve it, or they actually benefit from it. We’re helping them. That was the attitude of slave owners. Most of them didn’t say, “Look, I’m enslaving these people because I want easily exploitable, cheap labor for my own benefit.” They said, “We’re doing them a favor. They need it.”

The dehumanization can be very subtle. One way of doing it is to honor those who know enough to stay in their place. Thus was the myth created that our slaves were grateful to be slaves. These ideas were perpetuated with numerous historical markers erected throughout the South, which honored slaves who fought for the Confederacy. James Loewen gave several examples of this phenomenon in his book, “Lies Across America – What our Historic Sites Get Wrong”. A typical example is this one:

Dedicated to the Faithful Slaves – who, loyal to a sacred trust, toiled for the support of the army, with matchless devotion, and with sterling fidelity guarded our defenseless homes, women, and children, during the struggle for the principles of our “Confederate States of America”

These historical markers are grossly misleading. Whereas more than 130,000 slaves escaped to join the Union Army, and thousands of additional slaves aided the Union cause in numerous other ways, a study of 150 thousand Confederate soldiers found less than a dozen of them to be black (and probably most or all of those were coerced into being there). By the end of the war the myth of the happy slave had been shattered – though historical markers throughout the South continue to keep the myth alive today.

The idea expressed in the above noted historical marker is dehumanizing because it purports that the only good black man is one who reacts to his own exploitation with slavish loyalty to his exploiters. Normal humans don’t feel that way about those who exploit them.

On the flip side of that coin, the word drapetomania was coined by the psychiatrist Samuel A. Cartwright, in 1851, as the mental illness in which black slaves were plagued by an excessive and abnormal need to flee captivity. If it’s normal and honorable for black people to be grateful to white people for enslaving them, then those who don’t wish to be enslaved must have serious mental problems.


Low self-esteem

A related cause of racism is low self-esteem. Only a small minority of ante-Bellum Southerners owned slaves. Yet racism went way beyond the slave owners. For much of the remainder of the white population of the ante-Bellum South, racism provided a means of feeling superior and bolstering their self-esteem.

In his book, “The Sane Society”, the humanist psychologist Erich Fromm discusses among other things the human psychological needs that differentiate us from animals. Two of those needs are rootedness and a sense of identity. The healthy and mature way to address those needs is to develop one’s own individual personality and sense of identity. Fromm singles out nationalism and racism as the two most common strategies that Americans (and others as well) use to cling to the familiar and provide them with a sense of identify that they are unable or unwilling to develop on their own:

Man – freed from the traditional bonds… afraid of the new freedom which transformed him into an isolated atom – escaped into (a state) of which nationalism and racism are the two most evident expressions… Along with the progressive development… went the development of the negative aspects of both principles: the worship of the state, blended with the idolatry of the race or nation. Fascism, Nazism and Stalinism are the most drastic manifestations of this blend of state and clan worship, both principles embodied in the figure of a “Fuehrer” (Fromm wrote this in 1955)…

Many substitutes for a truly individual sense of identity were sought for, and found. Nation, religion, class and occupation serve to furnish a sense of identity… In the United States… the sense of identity is shifted more and more to the experience of conformity. A new herd identity develops, in which the sense of identity rests on the sense of an unquestionable belonging to the crowd. That this uniformity and conformity are often not recognized as such, and are covered by the illusion of individuality, does not alter the facts.

Elaine Sihera explains the psychology of how low self-esteem works to create racism:

They project all their negative feelings outward unto others, especially on to the most weak and vulnerable. When we truly love ourself and appreciate who we are, we can appreciate how others feel and accommodate them more… Racism comes through a feeling of unworthiness, of being 'victimized'… and of being a failure. Someone has to pay for such low feelings and self-perception. This means a need for scapegoats in order to feel superior and to exercise personal power over others. Racist people tend to feel insignificant, isolated, wronged and unloved and they remedy that feeling of exclusion by blaming someone else for it…

So it is that rabid racists can summed up like this:

White supremacists and other racists are waving a large flag that says: "I feel deeply inadequate, insecure, fearful, flawed. I am terrified of anyone knowing about these feelings, so I will hide them by pretending to be better than others. This will protect me from ever having to know how defective I really feel."


Ignorance, fear, upbringing, and peer pressure

I consider these factors together because they’re all related in the way that they produce racism. When children are taught by their parents that other people are inferior or subhuman, they tend to grow up believing that. When their peers exhibit the same beliefs and behavior, those ideas become solidified in their minds. In the absence of experiences to widen their horizons, they remain ignorant of the realities of other peoples. And people tend to fear what they are ignorant of, especially if they have been taught to fear them. In that way people can pick up racist beliefs without ill intentions. Thus it is that:

When the person has already been fed negative stereotypes, and does not have the actual real life experiences with at least one within the particular group, then the chances of racism are increased.

The mechanism by which parents transmit racism to their children can be subconscious:

Parents can have a massive effect on their children. Every time they react harshly to a person of another race they are teaching their children the subconscious message that this is ‘the right thing to do’… It can become part of what they are.

Yet, this kind of racism can be remedied. I knew a guy in college (I’ll call him Greg) who routinely talked like a typical racist. Then the first black student (I’ll call him Jim) moved into our dorm, and Greg and Jim got to know each other and became friends. One day they were driving in a car together, and Greg inadvertently used some blatantly racist language. He told me about it later – about how bad he felt when he realized what he said in the presence of Dave. He had become so familiar with Dave that he no longer thought of him as a black guy, but rather as just one of the guys. The habits of a lifetime can be hard to break even after the ignorance that led to them begins to dissipate.

On the importance of education:

The only change will come through education and awareness of why those actions might not be appropriate, the consequences they carry for others as well as the alternatives that are available. Until people who know no better undergo an educative process around racism, ignorance will always keep racism thriving, especially among those who have no desire to act differently.


Lack of empathy

Empathy is perhaps the must human of all human characteristics. It is the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person, and understand and feel what that person is going through. I believe that it is the ultimate source of all morality. With sufficient empathy, it is very difficult for racism to thrive, even in the presence of other factors that tend to encourage racism. George Lakoff, Professor of Cognitive Science and Linguistics, explains that empathy is primarily what makes liberals/progressives who they are:

Empathy is at the heart of progressive thought. It is the capacity to put oneself in the shoes of others… especially those who are in some way oppressed, threatened, or harmed. Empathy is the capacity to care, to feel what others feel, to understand what others are facing and what their lives are like. Empathy extends well beyond feeling to understanding, and it extends beyond individuals to groups, communities, peoples, even species… It goes to the heart of our values, which are the basis of our sense of justice.

Progressives… have a moral obligation to act on their empathy – a social responsibility in addition to personal responsibility, a responsibility to make the world better by making themselves better. This leads to a view of a government that cares about its citizens and has a moral obligation to protect and empower them… All progressive legislation is made on this basis.

Lack of empathy leads to racism:

The lack of empathy that many Whites display is both a sociological and a psychological problem. It is the indifference to human suffering that allows ordinary people to engage in extraordinary acts of violence. It is the lack of empathy that allows people to sit by and blame people for their suffering. Each semester I show lynching photos like the one above, so my students understand the shear brutality of racism. One of the most disturbing aspects of these photos is how much glee and pride are evident in the faces of the White lynch mobs… Think of the sheer lack of empathy and the viscous brutality that is associated with smiling at something like this…. This is what racism does. It makes people indifferent to human suffering, and it allows them to rape, rob, pillage, and kill without guilt or conscience… It allows them to look at racist insults as something that people of color should turn a blind eye to.


OUR DIRE NEED TO COMBAT RACISM

The events of recent weeks have shown that pockets of rabid racism remain in our country, with the potential to do great damage. The idea that their country elected a black man as President is driving the rabid racists out of their minds, and the possibility of widespread violence seems to grow with each passing week.

Racism harms not only its victims:

Racism harms white people by stripping them of their ability to feel. Instead of hearing the hurt, the pain and the anger expressed by those who suffer from racism, they choose instead to deny the humanity of others. In so doing, they deny the humanity of themselves.

Margorie Cohn, in her book, “Rules of Disengagement” explains through the testimony of former U.S. soldiers, how the U.S. military uses racism to motivate its soldiers to kill:

Jody Casey pointed out that the disregard for Iraqis comes from the top. “They basically jam it into your head… You totally take the human being out of it… If you start looking at them as humans, then how are you going to kill them?”

Arab American soldiers and sailors have been singled out in training by drill instructors who used them as examples of what the enemy looks like. They were Arab; the enemy was Arab; Arab meant stupid, dirty, devious fanatics, ultimately less than human…

Mike Prysner described one operation in which his unit forcibly removed Iraqi families from their homes without warning… literally throwing people out into the streets. If the men objected, they were detained and imprisoned… Prysner observed physical and psychological abuse of hundreds of detainees… “Racism is a vital weapon deployed by this government… Without racism soldiers would realize that they have more in common with the Iraqi people than they do with the billionaires who send us to war.”

Indeed, without racism it is unlikely that the Iraq War would have generated enough public support to be politically feasible.

I’ll end this post with an excerpt from a statement on combating racism made by the American Psychiatric Association at the World Conference Against Racism (WCAR):

We strongly believe that respect for the inherent dignity and well-being of each member of the human family is the psychological foundation of freedom, human justice, and peace in the world. This important principle is recognized in the United Nations Charter (1945), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), and every subsequent human rights declaration and convention, including the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965). Therefore, we urge the integration of psychological and positive mental health concerns into the framework of the WCAR as a necessary condition for the effective implementation of remedies, and corrective and preventive measures and strategies.

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The Unfulfilled Promise
The Unfulfilled Promise of the American Dream: The Widening Gap between the Reality of the United States and its Highest Ideals




Time for change


Notwithstanding the lofty sentiments and purpose of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, the reality of the United States of America did not then – and never has – lived up to its ideal. Our nation remains today a long way from fulfilling the promise implied by those ideals. Yet, our Declaration was a great start, and it has long shone as a beacon of hope for people all over the world.

Throughout our history, while many have striven to close the gap between our highest ideals and the reality of our nation, others have focused on the accumulation of private wealth and power, at the expense of everyone else. In recent decades the latter have gained much ground, leading to increasing imperialism abroad and deteriorating democracy at home, characterized by routine (and legal) bribery of our public officials, the fusion of government and private corporate interests (corporatocracy), a corrupt election system largely in the hands of private corporations, a corporate controlled communications media, and the widespread acceptance of Executive Branch secrecy, routinely justified with little if any questioning, by the magic words “national security”. All of this is rapidly turning our country from the democracy proclaimed at our founding into a plutocracy (government by the wealthy and for the wealthy). The result is the most obscene wealth gap our country has ever known, the highest imprisonment rate in the world, rampant militarism, routine flaunting of international law, the least efficient health care system in the developed world, a pending environmental catastrophe that threatens to destroy the life sustaining forces of our planet, and myriad other problems that threaten to destroy our nation and tyrannize our people.

My new book, The Unfulfilled Promise of the American Dream – The Widening Gap between the Reality of the United States and its Highest Ideals, explores the roots and consequences of the demise of our democracy, and why most Americans have been unable to understand this process or even become aware of it. A good understanding of why and how we have deviated so greatly from the ideals of our nation is the first and necessary step towards getting back on the right track and revitalizing our society.

The book is currently being sold in electronic PDF format and can be purchased at http://www.unfulfilledpromise.com/Buy-the-... for $3.99. It will also soon be available in Amazon Kindle format. DU members who cannot afford to buy the book but would like to read it can pm me with your e-mail address, and I will send you a free PDF copy.

I’ve previously posted on DU a slightly earlier version of the introduction to the book, which is also posted at my site. Here is the Table of Contents, followed by a brief description of the three parts of the book:


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Acknowledgements
Prologue – What is Wrong with the United States of America?

Part I – Root Causes of the Impending Demise of American Democracy
Chapter 1 – Legalized Bribery
Chapter 2 – Human Psychological Factors
Chapter 3 – Corporatocracy
Chapter 4 – Corporate Control of Media
Chapter 5 – Corrupt Election System
Chapter 6 – Government Secrecy
Chapter 7 – American Exceptionalism

Part II – A Sampling of Imperialist Actions
Chapter 8 – Slavery and its Legacy
Chapter 9 – Early U.S. Imperialism
Chapter 10 – U.S. Imperialism in Cold War
Chapter 11 – Iraq War and Occupation
Chapter 12 – Afghanistan War

Part III – Consequences
Chapter 13 – Election of George W. Bush
Chapter 14 – War and Imperialism
Chapter 15 – Class Warfare
Chapter 16 – Predator Financial Class
Chapter 17 – Shock Therapy
Chapter 18 – Contempt for Int. Law
Chapter 19 – The “War on Drugs”
Chapter 20 – Climate Change
Chapter 21 – “War on Terror”
Chapter 22 – Health Care
Chapter 23 – Unaccountable government
Chapter 24 – Response to 9/11 Attacks
Epilogue


PART I – Root Causes of the Impending Demise of American Democracy

It is somewhat difficult to separate the causes of our problems from their consequences, since they combine to form a long chain of cause leading to consequence, leading to more consequences, etcetera. Nevertheless, it seems worth while to identify the root causes of our problems, those that occur early in the chain and lead to so many of the tragic consequences we see today. The only chance we have of reversing the demise of our democracy is through addressing and attacking its root causes.

At the top of the list is the systematic bribery of public officials by the powerful corporations (Chapter 1) whom our government is charged with regulating in the public interest. Instead of calling it bribery, we call it “campaign contributions”, but what we call it isn’t as important as what it is. It is hard to fathom how democracy can survive when such a practice is legal and condoned.

Working in tandem with our system of legalized bribery is the nature of the people who inhabit our country. That is not to say that Americans are inherently substantially different than any other people. Human beings are imperfect, and that is probably a major reason why in a world where civilization began more than five millennia ago, the oldest written national framework of government in the world today – the Constitution of the United States of America – is only a little more than two and a quarter centuries old. Chapter 2 explores the roles of basic human needs, authoritarianism, psychological defense mechanisms used to prevent us from perceiving reality as it is rather than as we’d like it to be, and corrupted ideologies in causing us to passively accept the accumulation of power in the hands of ambitious and ruthless individuals who care about little else than expanding their own wealth and power.

When bribery of public officials is tolerated as an inevitable aspect of public life, government inevitably grows close to the wealthy interests that shower it with money in return for legislative and other favors. A malevolent symbiosis grows between the state and corporate power, resulting in rule by an oligarchy that is highly detrimental to the lives of ordinary people (Chapter 3). Using their accumulated wealth and power to manipulate our legislative process, the oligarchy grabs for more and more control of the communications media (Chapter 4) that are used to control the information available to and shape the attitudes of our nation’s people, in pursuit of their own narrow interests.

Since the 1980s an orchestrated campaign has been underway to demonize “big government”, thereby paving the way for private corporate control over more and more functions that were previously deemed intrinsic functions of government. Among those functions is the running of public elections (Chapter 5) – the function that symbolizes democracy perhaps more than any other single function. Consequently, the purging of selected registered voters from our computerized voter rolls has become a routine recurring event throughout much of our country, and without a doubt determined the results of the 2000 – and probably 2004 as well – presidential election. Just as bad, more and more of the counting of votes in our public elections have been turned over to private corporations, which count our votes using electronic machines using secret software to produce vote counts that cannot be verified by anyone.

Bribery, the fusion of government and private interest, fake and biased news, and corrupt elections are not things that government and its corporate allies want us to know about. Consequently, they construct walls of secrecy (Chapter 6) to keep us from obtaining information that sheds light on their activities. The perfect phrase for facilitating this is “national security”. When our government tells us that the “national security” requires that certain things be kept secret from us, the understanding is that to question such a pronouncement is unpatriotic, and to actually attempt to obtain the “secret” information may be treasonous.

But indefinitely maintaining secrets from the American people can be very difficult, because at least some people want to know what their government is up to. So in addition to the formal mechanisms of secrecy, informal mechanisms are constructed (Chapter 7) to keep vital information away from us. One of the primary methods for doing this is to make certain sensitive subjects taboo – that is, to create the widespread belief that discussion of these topics is so outside the bounds of acceptable human discourse that anyone who discusses them should be shunned by society, or worse. The most common issue that falls into this category is any discussion that sheds light on the disparity between American ideals and the reality of life in our country today.


PART II – A Sampling of Imperialist Actions in U.S. History

Notwithstanding the fact that our founding document says that “all men are created equal” and speaks of the inalienable rights of humankind, the United States has throughout its history partaken of massive exploitation of other peoples.

It is estimated that at the time of our birth, 18% of our population was black slaves. In our expansion westwards during the late 18th and 19th centuries, we decimated the original inhabitants of our continent, and often treated them with great cruelty. In 1846 we manufactured an excuse for war with our neighbor Mexico, in which we continued to expand our country westwards and southwards. In 1893 we began our overseas imperialism with the conquest of Hawaii. Our overseas expansion was greatly accelerated in 1898 with our participation in the Spanish-American War, which led to our conquest of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. With our arrival at world superpower status at the end of World War II, we began the Cold War, which led to and served as a rationalization for covert and/or direct military actions against myriad foreign nations over the next 46 years. With the September 11, 2001 attacks on our country, we declared a perpetual “War on Terror”, which served and continues to serve as an excuse to invade and occupy Iraq and Afghanistan, nations that posed no threat to us. We do not know when or if this perpetual war will ever end. We don’t know how many additional imperial conquests it will lead to.

Most Americans don’t think much about all this. Many of these actions are done in secrecy, and the American people don’t find out about them until many years later – or we never find out about them at all. Those that we do know about are spun into the most favorable light, to make them seem benign or even noble.

But these actions come at great costs: in the lives of our soldiers; in the ruined lives of the peoples of the victim countries; in trillions of dollars cost to our people and their future generations; in our international reputation; in anti-American hatred leading to terrorism; and, to our democracy itself. For how can a nation claim to believe in the inalienable rights of humankind specified in its founding document, while making a mockery of that belief in the way it treats other peoples? For that reason alone it is worth while to take a brief look at our long history of imperialist actions.


PART III – Consequences

In the Prologue I give a brief account of what I see as some of the worst and tragic consequences of the root causes that I discuss in Part I – to enable the reader to see where this book is heading. When elections of our public officials are for sale to the highest bidder… when our public officials are so addicted to the “campaign contributions” of their wealthiest constituents that they develop a symbiotic relationship with them… when our communications media are owned and controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy elites… when our citizenry lack the ability to differentiate propaganda from reality… when we allow machines provided by private corporations to count our votes using secret electronic software… then we should expect that the consequences will not be pretty or comfortable for the vast majority of our citizens.

In Part III, I explore those consequences in much greater detail, in the hope that the reader will agree with me that these are very serious problems, and that they must be successfully addressed if our country is ever to fulfill the promise of its ideals, or even make progress in that direction. When enough Americans recognize our problems as problems, stripped of the gloss and spin put on them by our oligarchy, they will rise up and do something about them. Until then there will be no progress, and we are very likely to head in the direction of all the former empires of our planet, ending in chaos, widespread catastrophe, suffering, and ignominy.

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